R.I.P Gary Gygax
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R.I.P Gary Gygax
"I would like the world to remember me as the guy who really enjoyed playing games and sharing his knowledge and his fun pastimes with everybody else."
——Gary Gygax
译者：Angelcat, HF
欧内斯特·盖瑞·盖加斯（Ernest Gary Gygax）生于1938年七月27日，卒于2008年3月4日，享年69岁。盖瑞·盖加斯是一位美国的作家和游戏设计师，1974年，他与戴维·亚耐森（Dave Arneson）共同创造了角色扮演游戏的开篇之作：龙与地下城，1973年，他与唐纳·凯伊（Don Kaye）创立了TSR（Tactical Studies Rules）公司。在离开了TSR之后，盖加斯自己仍然继续着角色扮演游戏的创作，其中包括另一套称为Lejendary Adventure的游戏系统。盖加斯被公认为桌面角色扮演游戏之父。
生平传记
早年的生活与创作灵感
盖加斯的父亲是从瑞士移民而来的欧内斯特·盖加斯（Ernst Gygax）[Ernst这一名字美国化之后，写为Ernest]，母亲是美国人阿尔米娜·艾米丽·布鲁迪克（Almina Emelie Burdick）。他对游戏的热爱开始于他五岁那年，他玩皮纳克尔（pinochle）和象棋时喜欢掺入许多想象的内容，就像现在的临场动态角色扮演游戏（Live action role-playing）。在他和几个朋友玩的游戏中，吉姆·拉赫（Jim Rasch）常作为主持游戏的人，约翰·拉赫（John Rasch）和唐纳·凯伊（Don Kaye）则和他组成一伙，共同进行游戏。这段时间里，盖加斯接触了雷·布莱伯利（Ray Bradbury）的科幻小说《大草原》（The Veldt）和罗伯特·E·霍华德的蛮王柯南系列。
在1953年，盖加斯开始与凯伊一起玩战棋游戏。一款由阿瓦隆之丘游戏公司（the Avalon Hill company）出品的名为《盖茨堡》（Gettysburg）的游戏吸引了他的注意力。他这是他订购的第一款带六角格地图的游戏。后来，他开始寻求一种创新的方法来产生随机数字，不仅仅是用一般的骰子（六面骰子），还有全部五种柏拉图立体形的骰子。
游戏生涯
1966年，盖加斯协助创立了国际战棋联盟（International Federation of Wargamers IFW）。
盖加斯在1967年组织了一次20人的游戏聚会。那次聚会在他的家中的地下室举办，后来这次聚会被人们称为“Gen Con 0”，次年（1968年），Gen Con年会正式举办。至今，Gen Con已经成为北美最大的游戏展会。Gen Con也是盖瑞·盖加斯与布莱恩·布卢姆（Brian Blume）和戴维·亚耐森（Dave Arneson）初次相遇的地方。后来，布卢姆同盖加斯与凯伊共同合作，协助了TSR的发展。
“我对中世纪非常感兴趣，尤其是黑暗时代。我们之所以把游戏背景设定在那个时代，是因为我发现恰巧可以和我的模型对应上。我开始设定盔甲的规则，那些塑料模型穿什么，角色就有什么装备。如果他只有一面盾牌而没有穿盔甲，那么它就只有一面盾牌。盾牌和半身铠甲应用半身铠甲规则；着全甲的形象就应用全身铠甲规则。同样，我也为武器设定了相应的规则。”
盖瑞·盖加斯与唐纳·凯伊、迈克·里斯（Mike Reese）及利昂·塔克（Leon Tucker）一起，创立了一个军事模型交流组织——日内瓦湖战略研究联合会（Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association LGTSA），其总部最初设立于盖加斯家的地下室。
1971年，盖加斯和杰夫·佩伦（Jeff Perren）共同撰写了《链甲》，这是一套战棋规则，它最终发展成为了角色扮演游戏（role-playing game）龙与地下城。
TSR（战术策略规则公司）
盖加斯和凯伊在1973年成立了TSR出版公司，并于1974年出版了第一版龙与地下城规则。盖加斯从杰克·万斯德作品中汲取灵感发展了魔法系统，并且继续从许多知名奇幻作家，如罗伯特·E·霍华德、L.·斯普雷奇·德坎普和弗里茨·莱伯的作品中提取元素。手工装订的1000本书籍在九个月内全部售完。同年，盖加斯雇佣提姆·卡斯卡（Tim Kask）帮忙，将《战略回顾》（The Strategic Review）杂志过渡成为一本奇幻期刊——《巨龙志》，盖加斯为该杂志的创立者和专栏作家。
1976年凯伊逝世后，他的遗孀将其手中的TSR股份卖给了盖加斯。从此盖加斯得到了TSR的全部股份，并成立了TSR Hobbies公司。很快，盖加斯遭遇到了财政危机，并向布莱恩·布卢姆和他的兄弟凯文（Kevin）出售TSR Hobbies的股份。布卢姆家族于1976年后拥有了TSR Hobbies的约2/3的股份。
TSR出版了D&D最初的两本书，而TSR Hobbies则继续开发这一游戏。
自1977年起，新版的D&D面世了：高级龙与地下城（AD&D）。新系统的第一本规则书是怪物图鉴（Monster Manual），其余规则书随后陆续出版。高级龙与地下城的规则与之前一版并不相同，所以，D&D与AD&D随即成为了两条产品线。
盖瑞·盖加斯于1985年，在TSR的管理层变更后便离开了公司。这一变故使得盖加斯得以专心于制作哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）的龙与地下城系列卡通片。
之后的职业生涯
离开TSR之后，盖加斯创造了危险的旅程（Dangerous Journeys）游戏系统。1995年，他写了一套全新的RPG，最初是计划为电脑游戏而设计的；不过，它最终于1999年出版，定名为Lejendary Adventure。这套游戏的目的就是要保证游戏规则尽可能简单化，因为盖加斯感觉到角色扮演游戏对于新用户而言过于复杂与晦涩了。
2005年，盖加斯与巨魔领主游戏公司（Troll Lord Games）携城堡与十字军（Castles & Crusades）游戏系统，重返龙与地下城角色扮演游戏的舞台。巨魔领主游戏公司出版了《萨奇克堡》（Castle Zagyg），这是之前从未发表过的，盖加斯的灰鹰堡的最初版本。
私人生活
盖加斯和盖尔·卡彭特（Gail Carpenter）于1987年8月15日结合，那一天正是他父母结婚50周年纪念日。到2005年为止，他已是六个孩子的父亲和七个孩子的爷爷。他头五个孩子是他与他的第一位妻子玛丽·乔·盖加斯（Mary Jo Gygax）所生，最后一个孩子则是第二段婚姻所赐予的。盖加斯居住在威斯康星州日内瓦湖。他对他的工作室给予了一段盖加斯式的叙事描述：
这是一间不大却充满阳光的顶楼房间——到处堆放着书、杂志、报纸和其他一些杂物。现在，暂且离开这间重新装饰过的房间，我所在的这间楼下的饭厅里，一张长桌上摆放着两台电脑和一台扫描仪，桌子下还躲着一台打印机。工作室里的收音机经常调到古典音乐的频道，但是那家电台被出售了，节目也换了，所以现在我工作时，常常没有音乐陪伴，或是偶尔用电脑播放CD来听。我的书柜有的放置在楼上的工作间内，有的在二层的其他位置，还有在一层的，而我主要的藏书都在我的地下图书馆，那里收藏了上千本的参考书目、地图、杂志和小说作品。
疾病与死亡
2008年3月4日清晨，盖加斯于威斯康星州日内瓦湖的家中粹然离世。他一直处于半退休状态，在2004年4月1日和5月4日两次心脏病发作后，未进行正确的药物治疗。他曾被诊断患有腹部动脉瘤，且无法手术根治。即使健康状况日益恶化，游戏仍是他生活中重要的一部分。盖加斯在诸如Dragonsfoot和EN World等游戏网站的讨论区和问答区一直活跃着。
“我希望以这样的形象传世：一个真心享受游戏的人，一个与他人分享知识的人，一个将愉快的休闲方式推广与他人的人。”
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职务（Job titles）
* 1970–73 – Guidon Games公司（战棋游戏的发行商），主编
* 1973–83 – TSR股东，TSR Hobbies公司主席
* 1983–85 – DUNGEONS & DRAGONS Entertainment Corporation 主席
Dungeons & Dragons电视动画系列片 共同制片人
* 1983–85 – TSR公司董事长；兼主席（1985）
* 1986–88 – New Infinities Productions公司董事长
* 1988–94 – Omega Helios Limited签约制作人/作者
* 1995–2008 – Trigee Enterprises Corporation签约制作人/作者
* 1999–2008 – Hekaforge Productions股东
获奖与荣誉（Awards and honors）
Gary Gygax received several awards related to gaming:
* Strategists Club's "Outstanding Designer & Writer" for the creation of D&D
* Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design Origins Award Hall of Fame 1980
* Four time winner of Games Day's "Best Games Inventor" (1979–82)
* GenCon 2007 (40th Anniversary), Premiere Guest of Honor
Gary Gygax was tied with J. R. R. Tolkien for #18 on GameSpy's 30 Most Influential People in Gaming.
A strain of bacteria was named in honor of Gary Gygax, namely "Arthronema gygaxiana sp nov UTCC393".
Sync Magazine named Gary Gygax #1 on the list of "The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time".
SFX Magazine listed him as #37 on the list of the "50 Greatest SF Pioneers".
In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Gary Gygax as one of The Millennium's Most Influential Persons' ' "at least in the realm of adventure gaming."
Gary Gygax was commemorated in a number of webcomics, including xkcd's comic #393 "Ultimate Game", Penny Arcades "Bordering On The Semi-Tasteful", Dork Towers "Thanks for the Worldbuilding Rules", Order of the Stick #536, and GU Comics' "The Journey's End".
Blizzard Entertainment dedicated the 2.4.0 patch to World of Warcraft to Gary Gygax.
Electronic Arts dedicated Publish 51 in Ultima Online to Gary Gygax. This included a new room in the dungeon Doom containing a special encounter and unique decorations.
Stephen Colbert, an avid D&D gamer in his youth, dedicated the last part of the March 5th Colbert Report to Gygax.
作品
角色扮演游戏（Role-playing games）
* Boot Hill - role-playing elements in the Wild West, with Brian Blume, 1975
Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set
Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set
龙与地下城（Dungeons & Dragons）
* Supplements:
o Greyhawk (with Rob Kuntz)
o Eldritch Wizardry (with Brian Blume)
o Swords & Spells
* Accessories:
o The Book of Marvelous Magic (with Frank Mentzer)
* Adventures:
o B2 The Keep on the Borderlands
高级龙与地下城（Advanced Dungeons & Dragons）
* Rule books:
o Player's Handbook
o Dungeon Master's Guide
o Monster Manual
o Monster Manual II
* Supplements:
o Unearthed Arcana
o Oriental Adventures (with Dave Cook & Francois Froideval)
* Accessories:
o Dungeon Geomorphs (3 sets)
o Outdoor Geomorphs
o Monster & Treasure Assortments (3 sets)
S1 Tomb of Horrors
S1 Tomb of Horrors
* Adventures:
o D1 Descent Into the Depths of the Earth
o D2 Shrine of the Kuo-Toa
o D3 Vault of the Drow
o EX1 Dungeonland[26]
o EX2 The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror[27]
o G1 Steading of the Hill Giant Chief
o G2 Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl
o G3 Hall of the Fire Giant King
o Q1 Queen of the Demonweb Pits (with Dave Sutherland)
o S1 Tomb of Horrors
o S3 Expedition to the Barrier Peaks
o S4 The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth
o T1 The Village of Hommlet
o T1-4 The Temple of Elemental Evil (with Frank Mentzer)
o WG4 Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun[28]
o WG5 Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure[29]
o WG6 Isle of the Ape[30]
伽马世界（Gamma World）
* GW1, Legion of Gold by Gary Gygax, Luke Gygax, and Paul Reiche III (ISBN 0-935696-61-X) TSR 1981
电子人突击队（Cyborg Commando）
* Cyborg Commando, New Infinities, 1987
危险的旅程（Dangerous Journeys）
* Mythus – (with Dave Newton), Game Designers Workshop, 1992
* Mythus Magick – Book II of the MYTHUS Game (with Dave Newton), GDW, 1992
* Epic of Ærth – Companion Volume to the MYTHUS Game, GDW, 1992
* Necropolis – Adventure Scenario, GDW, 1993
* Mythus Bestiary, Ærth Animalia – (with Dave & Michele Newton), GDW, 1993
* Changeling – Weird Science Fantasy Role-Playing Game, published in part in Mythic Masters Magazine (see Periodicals)
* Unhallowed – Supernatural Horror Role-Playing Game (with Mike McCulley), GDW (manuscript, unpublished) 1992.
传奇冒险（Lejendary Adventures）
* Rule books:
o Lejendary Rules for All Players - Hekaforge Productions, 1999
o Lejend Master's Lore - Hekaforge Productions, 2000
o Beasts of Lejend - Hekaforge Productions, 2000
* World Setting sourcebooks:
o Lejendary Earth Gazetteer - Part 1, Hekaforge Productions, 2002
o Noble Kings & Dark Lands - Part 2, (with Chris Clark) Hekaforge Productions, 2003
o The Mysterious Realms of Hazgar – Part 3, (with Chris Clark) Hekaforge Productions, 2005
* Adventures:
o Living the Lejend - Campaign Setting & Expansion for the LA Essentials Boxed Set, Troll Lord Games (2005)
o Forlorn Corners - included serially as a part of the Author’s and Collector’s Editions of the three core rules noted above (1999–2000)
o Hall of Many Panes – Module Boxed Set with D20 stats included, Troll Lord Games 2005
* Lejendary Adventure Essentials - Primer Boxed Set for the LA RPG, Troll Lord Games, 2005
城堡与十字军（Castles & Crusades）
For Castles & Crusades, the Castle Zagyg series is a planned series of seven sourcebooks based on the Castle Greyhawk from Gygax's original campaign. For trademark reasons they are not actually published under the name of Greyhawk.
* Gary Gygax's Castle Zagyg: Yggsburgh Troll Lord Games, 2005 (ISBN 1-931275-68-8)
* Gary Gygax's Castle Zagyg: Dark Chateau (by Robert J. Kuntz) Troll Lord Games 2005 (ISBN 1-931275-69-6)
* Gary Gygax's Castle Zagyg: The East Mark Gazeteer (with Jeffrey P. Talanian) Troll Lord Games, 2007 (ISBN 978-1-929474-98-1)
d20系统（Generic d20 System）
* A Challenge of Arms - (Chris Clark with Gary Gygax) generic adventure module, Inner City Game Designs, 1999
* Ritual of the Golden Eyes - (Chris Clark with Gary Gygax) generic adventure module, Inner City Game Designs, 2000
* The Weyland Smith Catalog - ("Joke" Magic Items), short version, Hekaforge Productions, 1999
* Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds Series from Troll Lord Games. Volumes IV, V, VI, VII are edited by Gygax.
o Volume I Gary Gygax's The Canting Crew, explores the underworld of city life, "Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds, Volume II"
o Volume II Gary Gygax's World Builder, a collection of organized definitions, lists, tables and charts, (with Dan Cross) – 2003
o Volume III Gary Gygax's Living Fantasy, Everyday Life, – 2003
o Volume IV Gary Gygax's Book of Names by Malcolm Bowers
o Volume V Gary Gygax's Insidiae by Dan Cross 2004
o Volume VI Gary Gygax's Nation Builder, by Michael J. Varhola – 2005
o Volume VII Gary Gygax's Cosmos Builder, by Richard T. Balsley – 2006
非角色扮演游戏（Non-RPG games）
战棋类游戏规则（Rules for miniatures/table top battle games）
* Cavaliers and Roundheads (English Civil War, with Jeff Perren)
* Chainmail (Medieval and Fantasy, with Jeff Perren)
* Classic Warfare (Ancient Period: 1500 BC to 500 AD)
* Don't Give Up The Ship! (Sailing Ship Battles c. 1700 to 1815, with Dave Arneson and Mike Carr)
* Tractics (WWII to c. 1965, with Mike Reese & Leon Tucker)
* Foreword to the 2004 Skirmisher Publishing LLC edition of H.G. Wells' Little Wars
桌面游戏（Board games）
* Alexander the Great (Ancient, the Battle of Arbela) – Guidon Games and reprinted by Avalon Hill
* Alexander's Other Battles – Panzerfaust Publishing, 1972 – a Supplementary Kit For The Guidon Game Alexander the Great
* Baku (WW II, Extension of Avalon Hill's Stalingrad board wargame), Panzerfaust Publications
* Crusader (Medieval, Battle of Ascalon) – Panzerfaust Publications
* Dunkirk (World War II) – Guidon Games
* Little Big Horn (Western) – TSR Hobbies, Inc.
* Dungeon! - TSR Hobbies, Inc.
棋类（Chess variants）
* Another of Gary Gygax's creations was Dragon chess, a three-dimensional fantasy chess variant, published in Dragon Magazine #100 (August 1985). It is played on three 8x12 boards stacked on top of each other - the top board represents the sky, the middle is the ground, and the bottom is the underworld. The pieces are characters and monsters inspired by the Dungeons and Dragons setting: King, Mage, Paladin, Cleric, Dragon, Griffin, Oliphant, Hero, Thief, Elemental, Basilisk, Unicorn, Dwarf, Sylph and Warrior.
* Fidchell[31] – Not to be confused with the historic board game of fidchell (various spellings) from Ireland.
文学（Literature）
奇幻小说（Fantasy novels）
* Greyhawk Adventures Series of Novels (TSR, Inc., featuring Gord the Rogue)
o Saga of Old City (1985)
o Artifact of Evil (1986)
* Gord the Rogue Adventures (from New Infinities Productions, Inc., also published in Italian)
o Sea of Death (1987)
o Night Arrant (1987) – a collection of short stories
o City of Hawks (1987)
o Come Endless Darkness (1988)
o Dance of Demons (1988)
* released under publisher Penguin/Roc
o The Anubis Murders (1992)
o The Samarkand Solution (1993)
o Death in Delhi (1993)
各种书籍和短篇故事（Miscellaneous books and short stories）
* Sagard the Barbarian Books (HEROES CHALLENGE Gamebook Series, co-author Flint Dille (with assistance from Ernie Gygax) - from Archway/Pocket books):
The Ice Dragon
The Green Hydra
The Crimson Sea
The Fire Demon
* Role-Playing Mastery - instructional book, Perigee/Putnam (trade paperback bestseller)
* Master of the Game - sequel to Role-Playing Mastery from Perigee/Putnam
* "At Moonset Blackcat Comes" (Fantasy short story featuring Gord the Rogue appearing in Dragon #100)
* "Pay Tribute" (Science Fiction short story in The Fleet anthology)
* "Battle off Deadstar" (Science Fiction short story in Fleet Breakthrough anthology)
* "Celebration of Celene" (Fantasy short story published in Michael Moorcock’s Elric, Tales of the White Wolf anthology) - White Wolf, Inc., 1994
* "Duty" (Fantasy short story in Excalibur, anthology) – Warner Books, 1995
* "Get on Board the D Train" (Horror short story in Dante’s Disciples anthology) – White Wolf, Inc., 1996
* Evening Odds" (Fantasy short story with Gord the Rogue sharing Michael Moorcock’s Eternal Champions universe) – White Wolf, Inc., 1997
杂志（Periodicals）
* The Crusader – magazine, column on the creation of the D&D game beginning 2005
* Dragon Magazine - author 1976 to 1985, columnist 1999 to 2004, and publisher 1978 to 1981.[32]
* Journeys Journal (GDW) - contributor in each of six issues published through 1993
* Lejends (Total Reality Studios) – magazine, major contributor, 2001 to 2003
* Mythic Masters (Trigee) - magazine, primary author of entire 64-page magazine for each of six issues published through 1994
* The Strategic Review (Tactical Studies Rules) – newsletter, primary author of entire magazine for each of the initial four issues, and a major contributor to the balance of all issues until Dragon came into print.
* La Vivandiere (Palikar Publications) – defunct wargaming magazine, contributing author (1974), significant contributions include "Fantasy Wargaming and the Influence of J.R.R. Tolkien", in which he defends D&D's inclusion of non-Tolkien fantasy into the game.
