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织羽 发表于 2003-5-21 15:30

卓族语言

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   卓族的语言<br>L'zhaun'ol  d'lil  Ilythiiri<br>（织羽 于2003年5月18日）<br><br>——谨以此文献给我在BG2中忠实而邪恶的旅伴、从不忘记拿宝物的向导、世上最可爱的<br>纵火犯、给我演示如何用老鼠夹杀红龙的魔术师、偶尔忘记给自己加防护的保护人与最终娶<br>了黑暗精灵而不是半精灵的爱人<br>HAPPY BIRTHDAY ME BEAU.<br><br><a href='http://www.dndfans.org' target='_blank'>www.dndfans.org</a><br><br>那里的《卓尔精灵语言简介》已经让我们看到了卓尔语的概貌，你可以将本文看作是这篇简介的补充。<br><br>《卓尔精灵语言简介》源自Cali Vandas的TL'Ilythiiri Zhaun'ol，即网上已广为流传的The Drow Dictionary（《卓尔精灵语词典》）。但它的语法部分不够精细，因此本文的第一至第六章的语法部分译自欧格玛神的学者Aksel d'Ynn的Talentha Ilythiiri（《高等卓尔语概论》）一文。很可惜的是，作者列在目录中的第六章第三节和第七、第八章都没能完成（6-3 从句；七、其它7-1 形容词词序7-2 施与受；八、词汇表8-1 基本词序、宾语和修饰词词序8-2 疑问句与强调句的词序8-3 从句）。不过，语音和构词法已经阐述得很清楚，既然卓尔语的语序非常灵活，句法也许并不是什么大问题。本文的第七章列出了一些常用附表。<br><br>外人永远不能融入黑暗精灵的社会，而来自这样社会的卓族又吝于谈论他们的过去（me beau，谢谢你让我听到一个黑暗精灵的过去，尽管那没有什么美好的东西），我们也只能满足于现在这样粗略的卓尔语研究。<br><br>目录<br>一 语音<br>1-1 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;元音<br>1-2 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;辅音<br>1-3 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;辅音组合<br>1-4 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;重读、音高和音调<br><br>二 名词<br>2-1 名词的性<br>2-2 名词的数<br>2-3 词尾变化<br>2-4 词格<br><br>三 动词<br>3-1 祈使语气动词、动词原型与词干的构成<br>3-2 人称变化与现在时<br>3-3 过去时与完成式<br>3-4 将来时与虚拟语态<br>3-5 被动式、否定式、疑问式及进行时<br>3-6 动词tlu<br><br>四 代词<br>4-1 人称代词<br>4-2 疑问代词<br>4-3 关系代词<br><br>五 形容词、副词和介词<br>5-1 形容词<br>5-2 副词<br>5-3 介词<br><br>六 词序<br>6-1 基本词序<br>6-2 宾语修饰词的词序<br><br>七、附表<br>7-1 方向名词表<br>7-2 基数词与序数词表<br>7-3 城市建筑<br>7-4 头衔<br>7-5 种族<br>7-6 特殊的专有名词<br>7-7 常用短语<br><br><br><br>一、 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;语音<br>1-1 元音<br>卓尔语有八个（有些方言中是九个）元音：三对单元音的长短音和两（三）个双元音。<br>元音如下图所示：<br> <br>元音ii的发音因方言的不同而相异，有的方言中它发成不圆唇的前元音，在另一些方<br>言中则发成接近通用语中we的双重元音，后一个元音须圆唇读。元音uu在某些方言中则<br>为ii的圆唇音读法。但大多数情况下，它的发音准确说来是个中段的圆唇后元音，接近通<br>用语中的put. 元音e的发音介于通用语way和met的发音之间，因说话人用的方言不同而<br>有不同的变音。<br>元音字母a和e双写时发长音，即将原发音延长一拍。但ii和uu则不是元音i和u<br>的长音形式，而是全然不同的音。<br>卓尔语中的标准双元音字是au、ui和ue. 字母组合ou很少见，通常只在动词中出现。<br>它的发音像是双重元音o，但这不是确切的读音。如前述，ii有时发成双重元音，但在卓尔<br>语中是被看作一个单元音的。其他字母组合au和ui/ue除非是作为延长音，否则都各有不<br>同的发音。元音字母组合会被用在元音后作为延长音，若是要与前面的元音分开发音，则需<br>要加一个撇号（如che'el）。<br><br>1-2 辅音<br>卓尔语中有24个辅音。有些在卓尔语中用一个字母表示的辅音，在通用语中是用字<br>母组合表示，但其发音并非完全相同。举例来说，w和y只用作半元音，或是u和i作为词<br>首字母的变体。字母q的发音与k相同，但q通常以qu＋元音的形式出现，而k则放在u<br>以外的其他元音之前，或是后面只跟u和其他元音字母的组合。字母r的发音为元音，但习<br>惯上被当作辅音看。<br><br>卓尔语的辅音列表：<br>b 不送气的浊音爆破音<br>ch 清音塞擦音 /tS/<br>d 不送气的浊音齿槽音<br>f 清音唇齿音<br>g 不送气的浊音软颚音<br>h 清元音<br>j 浊音塞擦音/dZ/<br>jh/zh 浊音摩擦音<br>k/q 送气的清音软颚音<br>l 发声的边音摩擦音<br>m 双唇音鼻音<br>n 齿槽音鼻音<br>p 送气的清音双唇音<br>ph 送气的清音唇齿塞擦音 /pf/<br>r 悬垂抖音<br>s 清音摩擦音<br>ss 清音塞擦音/ts/<br>sh 清音摩擦音<br>t 送气的清音齿槽音<br>th 清音唇齿摩擦音<br>v 浊音唇齿摩擦音<br>w －u作词首时的变体，半元音<br>x 清音软颚－前齿塞擦音/ks/<br>y －i作词首时的变体，半元音<br>z 浊音摩擦音<br><br>字母组合kh和gh在多数方言中是多余的，显然它们是加强的h音，只出现在受矮人<br>商人影响较重的方言中。字母组合jh和zh也是多余的。有些方言（主要是受灵吸怪影响的<br>方言）中，二者的发音不相同，不过大多数情况下这只是个别现象。<br>卓尔语中双写的辅音就跟双写的元音一样只是作为延长音。卓尔语的辅音也有长音形<br>式，但在很早以前就消失了，只少量的方言中还有。双写辅音与单个辅音字母发音不同的情<br>况就是s与ss的区别，要么就作为重读处理。有双写辅音的词其重读一般是在中间的音节。<br>卓尔语中的清辅音比浊辅音要多得多，这使得这种语言给人一种悄声细语的感觉。也<br>许正是因为如此，地表居民们才常常说卓尔语就像卓族的洞窟一样奇异。<br>在许多方言中b和p的差别重在b总是不送气，而p总是送气音。辅音b是浊音，p<br>是清音这样的差异倒成了次要的区别。<br><br>1-3 辅音组合<br>卓尔语中的辅音组合比地表精灵语出现频率高得多，这可能是该种语言在早期曾被人为改造<br>过留下的痕迹之一。<br>词首的辅音组合常是以下形式：非流音＋流音、摩擦音＋流音、摩擦音＋爆破音和清<br>音（或不送气音）组合。词尾的辅音组合则是鼻音（或流音）＋爆破音（或塞擦音）。<br><br>1-4 重读、音高和音调<br>没有任何迹象表明卓尔语中字词音高和音调的改变会引起语义的变化。一个词中的重<br>读音节可变，发音相同重读不同的词极少有不同的词义。<br><br>二、 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;名词<br>2-1 名词的性<br>卓尔语的名词使用自然性别——如果它所指代的原物有生物学意义上的性别的话。和<br>其他一些语言不同，无生命的东西在卓尔语中没有阴性和阳性的差别。表示阳性的后缀为<br>-uk。过去用以阴性的后缀名-ess仍在khaless这样的词中出现，但现在用来表示阴性的后缀<br>是-il。阴性与阳性的后缀也同样在人称代词中出现，这将在后面的章节中讨论。<br><br>2-2 名词的数<br>卓尔语中有单数、复数和部分复数。单数和复数的概念与通用语相同，第三类的部分<br>复数则需要进行一些解释。部分复数用以表示一大堆东西里的一部分事物。因此，draa rivvin<br>（两个人类）是指只有两个人，而draa sshirivvin则表示这两人来自一支有很多人的队伍。<br>复数和部分复数因名词的不同而有不同的形式，这将在下文讨论。<br><br>2-3 词尾的变化<br>卓尔语的名词分为两类。第一类也是最常见的一类称为无生命名词，也叫“A类名词”，<br>指的是物品、抽象概念之类。这类名词的复数形式以-a结尾（所以叫A类名词）。<br>例如：<br>xundus, xundusa - "accomplishment, accomplishments"（技艺）<br><br>第二类则是“N类名词”。这曾经被认为仅限用于非卓族的生物，但后来发现表示“孩<br>子”的dalhar也在这类词之列。至于darthiir（“地表精灵”）一词的变化更让人费解。<br>Darthiir本以为会是个N类名词，其复数形式应该是darthiirin，但是，正确的复数形式<br>却是darthiiri，这是少量的特殊名词之一。而以前这些特殊名词仅用在卓族自己身上。<br>据我们调查的卓尔精灵解释，N类名词适用于指“有生命的，愚蠢的”。绝大多数非卓<br>族的种族，包括人类都被丢进了这一类，可见卓尔精灵们将非卓族种族都看成了下等生物。<br>孩子们也属于这一分类，因为他们还没有自由意愿，也没有独立的身份，要到他们经历过杀<br>生的成人仪式，才能脱离这个范围。<br>Darthiir一词的特例颇为有趣，这个词道出了卓族的起源。他们源自精灵的血脉，无论<br>怎样，卓族的语言还是将他们跟所憎恨的亲族划进了同一类。<br>第二类名词的复数形式以词尾加-in构成。原词以in结尾或是以i或e之外的其它元音<br>结尾则加-en，以i或e结尾则直接加-n。例如：<br>orbb, orbbin - "spider, spiders"（蜘蛛）<br>rothe, rothen - "slave, slaves"（奴隶）<br><br>还有一些前面提到的少量不规则名词，指“有生命的，聪明的”。这类词显然仅限用<br>于指成年的卓族和精灵族。除了复数的主格或宾格形式外，它们与N类名词完全相同。<br>darthiir, darthiir - "surface elf, surface elves"（地表精灵）<br>ilythiiri, ilythiiri - "Drow (individual), Drow (race)"（卓尔精灵）<br><br>2-4 词格<br>卓尔语的每个名词有九种词格，每类名词各有不同的词格构成，而且通常还有单复数<br>之分。虽然这对说通用语的人来讲实在是很讨厌，但这个系统没有听上去那么让人发疯。代<br>词的主格和宾格与规则名词的词格相同。<br><br>卓尔语的词格<br>主格——句子的主语<br>宾格——句子的直接宾语<br>与格——间接宾语，或指某人某物施以动作的宾语<br>属格——表示源于、含有或与……相关<br>所有格——指为……所有<br>向格——表示靠近<br>离格——表示远离和分开<br>位置格——表示方位<br>工具格——表示处理方法、行动方式或是物品用法<br><br>A类名词词尾变化表<br><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;<br>主格/宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-a<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*sh &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*sha<br>属格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*s &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*sa<br>所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*s &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*sa<br>向格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*r &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*ra<br>离格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*n &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*na<br>位置格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*l &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*la<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*d &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*da<br><br>A类名词的部分复数形式为加元音后缀-i<br>che'el - "city"<br>che'ela - "cities"<br>che'elau - "(some) cities"<br>che'elan - "out of /from (the) city"<br>che'elana - "out of/from (the) cities"<br>che'elanau - "out of/from (some of) (the) cities"<br><br>N类名词词尾变化列表<br><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格/宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-in<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*ssh &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ssh*-<br>属格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*ss &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ss*-<br>所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*ssre &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ssr*-<br>向格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*rro &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;rr*-<br>离格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*th &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;t*-<br>位置格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-in &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-inin<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-*nd &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;and*-<br><br>N类名词的部分复数形式为加前缀ssh*-，如果该词以ss，s或sh开头，则加后缀-*th<br>dalhar - "child"<br>dalharin - "children"<br>sshadalhar - "(some) children"<br>dalharassre - "child's"<br>ssradalhar - "children's"<br>ssradalharith- "(some) children's"<br><br>*号在这里指的是不同的元音。在这个位置重复后缀之前的元音或是前缀之后的元音。例如，<br>ssadarthiir ("elves'", “精灵们的”，属格的复数), 但 ssillythiiri ("drow's",“卓尔精灵的”，<br>属格的复数) 及jalukuss ("male's", “男性的”，属格的单数)则例外。

织羽 发表于 2003-5-21 15:32

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   三、动词<br>3-1 祈使语气动词、动词原型与词干的构成<br>卓尔语词表中给出的动词都是祈使语气——用以发号施令的词型。无需多言，这种语气在卓<br>尔语对话中是最为常见的。这也被作为原型动词。动词的变化形式如下——<br>动词以字母组合结尾，动词不定式是加后缀-yrr；以字母r结尾，将r变成l后再加后缀-yrr。<br>如果以l*r（l＋元音＋r）的形式结尾，则去掉元音和r再加后缀。如果以元音结尾，则加-u<br>构成不定式。如果原词尾为u，则该词词形不变。<br>词干就是去掉-yrr词尾，但-u的词尾则不去除，而是作为词干的一部分。在动词的词型变化<br>时，须将出现在两个元音中的-u-变为-w-<br><br>祈使语气<br>（动词原型） &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;不定式 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;词干<br>khal &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khalyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khal-<br>ragar &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragalyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragal-<br>ogglir &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ogglyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;oggl-<br>alu &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alu &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alu-<br>belba &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbau &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbau-<br><br>3-2 人称变化与现在时<br>卓尔语中确实有人称代词，主语支配的动词根据其人称形式而变化。有两种人称形式<br>的词尾，但这里只讨论一种。变化的词尾加在动词的词干后。如果这么做会出现双重元音或<br>长元音形式，则用撇号将两个元音分开。<br><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>第一人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-i &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-ui<br>第二人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-e &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-et<br>第三人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;--- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-ar<br>正式用语 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-azh &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-azhim<br><br>人称代词词尾变化的正式用语构词是不多见的。它并不特指某个人（比如“我”、“你”、<br>“她”等等），而是用于指代某个施加这些动作的地位尊贵的人物。通常用于指地位较高的<br>女性、祭司、主母和女神。这绝对不会用于指代男性，也绝对不会被人用来指代自己。<br>Aluazh yathrin - "The priestess goes"“祭司走了” (而不是用alu yathrin)<br>Zhaunazhim - "You know" “您知道”(与地位高的人物交谈时用) (而不是用zhaunet)<br>Quarthi - "I command" “我要求”(地位高的人物下令) (而不是用quarthazh, 表示对他人的尊重)<br>现在时就是直接往动词词干上加因人称改变的词尾。<br><br>3-3 过去时与完成式<br>动词的过去分词形式是在词干后加-us-后缀。以-u-和-au-结尾的动词直接加-s，但以其他的<br><br>元音加u的字母组合结尾的动词则要加上完整的-us-后缀。两个元音之前有-u-，以元音结尾<br>的动词要将-u-变为-w-，字母组合-owus-一般略读成-os-但书写的时候须写出完整形式。过去<br>时的构成就是在过去分词后再加上人称的词尾变化。<br><br>原型 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;不定式 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;词干 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;过去分词 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;过去时<br><br>khal &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khalyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khal- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khalus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;khalusar<br>"They trusted" &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;<br><br>ragar &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragalyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragal- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragalus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ragaluset<br>"You (pl.) <br>discovered"<br><br>ogglir &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ogglyrr &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;oggl- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ogglus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ogglusi<br>"I opposed"<br><br>alu &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alu &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alu- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;alus<br>"S/he/it went"<br><br>belba &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbau &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbau- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbaus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;belbausazh<br>"gave" <br>[正式用语]<br><br>dro &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;drou &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;drou- &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;drowus &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;drowusui<br>"We lived"<br><br>动词完成式则是在前面加附词xa，后面接动词的适当形式。现在完成时和过去完成时在卓<br>尔语中都有出现，但将来完成时在特殊情况下才出现（将在后述章节讨论）。<br>xa khali - "I have trusted" (现在完成时 - xa khal + i)<br>xa khalusar - "they had trusted" (过去完成时 - xa + khal-us-ar)<br><br>3-4 将来时与虚拟语态<br>卓族的生活方式使得将来的事务充满不确定性——明天是否还能活着是个未知数，制定的计<br>划下周是否能实现也不一定。这种不确定性反映在卓族的语言之中：将来时与虚拟语态融合<br>在了一起。虚拟语态指的是通用语中的条件句、虚拟语气及其他“不真实”的状态。不是百<br>分之一百确定的事，无论是已经发生的（过去时和完成时），还是正在发生的（现在时）都<br>可以用上虚拟语态。<br>虚拟语态和现在时、过去时一样，由动词词干构成，但是其人称词尾变化不同。这种词尾变<br>化非常的精确表示出指代的人物，但只在将来时和虚拟语态中使用。<br><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>第一人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-ith &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-ue<br>第二人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-esh &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-esst<br>第三人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-oss &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-osst<br>正式用语 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-ata &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;-atau<br><br>将来完成时与现在完成时和过去完成时一样用xa作为前缀附词，但在后面加的是虚拟语态<br>的人称词尾变化。将来时与条件句在卓尔语中无法区别（将来完成时与条件完成时也是一<br>样）。唯一可区分它们的方法就是加上表示时间的词，如zhan（“以前”）或是nav（“以后”）。<br>khalith - "I will trust" / "I would trust"<br>xa khaloss- "I will have trusted" / "I would have trusted" (现在完成时 - xa khal + i)<br>xa alu'esst zhan - "You (复数) would have trusted" (过去某时，例如"You (复数) would have <br>trusted me, if I wouldn't have done that.")<br>xa elosst nav - "They will have died" (将来某时)<br><br>3-5 被动式、否定式、疑问式及进行时<br>动词的被动式是用动词tlu（"to be"）的适当时态加上该动词的过去分词构成。<br>uil vendus - "I was greeted"<br>phet khalus - "You (pl.) are trusted"<br>tlus belbaus - "S/he/it was given" (to someone else)<br>tlusar xa ragalus - "They were discovered"<br>tluith ogglus - "I will be opposed / I would be opposed"<br>tluith xa vendus - "I will have been greeted" / "I would have been greeted"<br><br>否定式是加前缀ne-.这和通用语的否定式不同，但这使动词在表示否定意义时有委婉的正面<br>形式。构句时要表示反义则跟通用语的构句一样要加否定词，即加前缀附词naut<br>naut khali - "I do not trust."<br>nekhali - "I distrust"<br>naut nekhali- "I do not distrust."<br><br>疑问式是加前缀vel'，通常也读成升调。<br>Vel'alu'ar? - "Do they go?" 他们走了吗？<br>Vel'zhaun? - "Does she/he/it know?"  她/他/它知道吗？<br>Vel'uil ragalus? - "Was I discovered?"  我被发现了吗？<br><br>进行时与现在时相似，差别只在于进行时提及的动作在说话时正在进行。鉴于在卓族文化中<br>及时反应命令非常重要，看到卓尔语中不仅有，而且还经常使用进行时的现象并不会令人吃<br>惊（而进行时在地表精灵语中几乎不存在）。进行时的构词是使用短词nin xund ("now <br>striving/working" – 现在时), zhan xund ("then striving/working" – 过去时), 或者xund + 人<br>称词尾变化 + 动词不定式(将来时与虚拟语态)。<br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Nin xund alui - "I am going" <br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Zhan xund milusar - "they were holding" <br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Xundoss kyonyrr - "s/he/it would be watching" <br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Xundusesh xa ogglyrr - "You (sing.) would had been opposing" <br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Nin xund xa ragalusui - "We have been discovering" <br> &nbsp;  &nbsp; Zhan xund xa belbau'osst - "They had been giving"<br>3-6 动词tlu<br>动词tlu（"to be"）在卓尔语中是个不规则动词。<br><br>陈述语态 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>第一人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uil ("I am") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uel ("we are") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;<br>第二人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;phuul ("you are") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;phet ("you are")<br>第三人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;zha ("s/he/it is") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;zhar ("they are")<br>正式用语 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tluzh ("is/are") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;t'zhim ("is/are")<br><br>虚拟语态 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>第一人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uith ("I am") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uel ("we are")<br>第二人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;phush ("you are") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;phesst ("you are")<br>第三人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;zhaloss ("s/he/it is") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;zhalosst ("they are")<br>正式用语 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tant ("is/are") &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tatau ("is/are")<br><br>过去分词及所有其他词型变化是规则的，词干为tlus.<br><br>四、代词<br>4-1 人称代词<br>卓尔语中有人称代词，但不像在通用语中那么常用。在标准名词词格中已经列出了大部分的<br>代词。主格的代词只用于表示强调其对说话人的从属关系。其他的代名词格则常用得多。人<br>称代词与其他的人称词尾变化不同，并没有真实与虚拟语态形式的区别。<br>要注意的是第三人称代词有性的不同（阴性、阳性、无性）。也有所谓的“代理代词”，暗示<br>着“在我的属地上的东西”，只在第一人称和正式用语中出现。这种代词一般由直接要求个<br>人利益的说话人（通常是个地位高的贵族）或是代表祭司或神殿利益的说话人使用。<br><br> <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;第一人称<br> &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;usstan &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udos<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;usst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udosst<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;usstiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udosstiv<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ussta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udossta<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;usstue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udosstue<br><br> <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;第二人称<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tau &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;dos<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tausst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;dosst<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tausstiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;dosstiv<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;taussta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;dossta<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;tausstue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;dosstue<br><br>  <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;第三人称阴性<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;il &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ida<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ilt &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idat<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;iltiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idiv<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ilta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idalta<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;iltue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idue<br><br> <br>第三人称阳性<br> &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uk &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nind<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ukt &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nint<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uktiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nindiv<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ukta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ninda<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;uktue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nindue<br><br> <br>第三人称无性<br> &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ol &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nind<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;olt &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nint<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;oltiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nindiv<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;olta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ninda<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;oltue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;nindue<br><br>  <br>正式用语<br>单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ideas &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udaes<br>宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idaest &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udaest<br>与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idaev &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udaev<br>属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idaeta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udaeta<br>工具格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idue &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udue<br><br> <br>代理代词<br>单数 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;复数<br>第一人称 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;usstil &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udosstil<br>正式用语 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;idaestil &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;udaestil<br><br> <br><br>4-2 疑问代词<br>疑问代词用于了解情况或提出问题。在回答或缺乏上下文时使用关系代词。疑问代词的词尾<br>同样有单复数、名词分类和词格的变化。在数量或目标物未知的情况下通常采用A类名词<br>单数形式的词尾变化。<br><br>人物与事物<br><br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;工具格<br>vel'uss <br>谁 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'usst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'usstiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'ussta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'usstue<br><br>vel'bol <br>什么 <br>(具体事物) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'bolst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'boliv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'bolta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'bolue<br><br>vel'hyrr <br>什么 <br>(抽象事物) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'hyrrst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'hyrriv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'hyrrta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'hyrrue<br><br>时间、地点、原因与方式<br><br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;离格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;位置格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;工具格<br>vel'drav <br>when &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'draver &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'draven &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'dravel &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a<br><br>vel'klar <br>where &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'klara &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'klarn &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'klar'l &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'klard<br><br>vel'inth<br>why &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'inth<br><br>vel'ind<br>how &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;vel'ind<br><br>复数与部分复数如前文所述，根据名词不同而不同。<br><br>4-3 关系代词<br>关系代词用以引导从句，回答提问和提供更详细的情报，据其在句中的用途而改变词尾。<br><br>人物与事物<br><br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;与格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;属格/所有格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;工具格<br>ha'khel<br>who, that (人物) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'usst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'usstiv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'ussta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'usstue<br><br>ha'bol <br>which <br>(具体事物) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'bolst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'boliv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'bolta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'bolue<br><br>ha'yrr <br>which <br>(抽象事物) &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'yrrst &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'yrriv &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'yrrta &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'hyrrue<br><br><br>时间、地点、原因与方式<br><br>主格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;宾格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;离格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;位置格 &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;工具格<br>ha'drav <br>when, at which time &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'draver &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'draven &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'dravel &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a<br><br>ha'klar <br>where, at which place &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'klara &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'klarn &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'klar'l &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'klard<br><br>ha'inth<br>because, for the reason &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'inth<br><br>ha'ind<br>how, in the manner,<br>by the means &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;n/a &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp;ha'ind

织羽 发表于 2003-5-21 15:36

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   该死的，版面被弄得乱七八糟……到此为止吧。<br><br>ANYWAY, HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO AMARAAL！

Hobgoblin 发表于 2003-5-21 16:25

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   我修正了版面，嗯，织羽 JJ 的大作可不能出现乱码哦。

darksword 发表于 2003-5-21 19:12

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   果然出手不凡

坏坏小灰 发表于 2003-5-21 20:25

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   真是让舌头打结的绕口令，精灵太灵巧了。<br>GO~GO~织羽！*摇旗呐喊ing*

帕林 发表于 2003-5-22 00:09

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   JJ还是多用code吧^^

Sauron 发表于 2003-5-22 09:18

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   强！太强了，定要好好研读~~<!--emo&:P--><img src='http://localhost/ipb/html/emoticons/tongue.gif' border='0' valign='absmiddle' alt='tongue.gif'><!--endemo-->

拉达-罗斯托克 发表于 2003-5-22 13:47

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   他们为什么不用像形文字？

Ariel 发表于 2003-5-22 19:22

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   没想到还有如此有耐力之人，兄台功底实在深不可测。光看就觉得头晕，不知你研究了多长时间？？

黑色圣石 发表于 2003-5-23 03:30

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   兄台:eek:............... 又一个.............

克丽珊娜 发表于 2003-5-23 11:56

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   我只想知道，有没有和精灵语一样的单词？

reinharder 发表于 2003-5-23 23:34

&nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;  &nbsp;   恩……可以开个纯drow团试试啊，要求只能用卓尔语交流，效果会很不错的:D。<br><br><!--QuoteBegin--></span><table border='0' align='center' width='95%' cellpadding='3' cellspacing='1'><tr><td><b>QUOTE</b> </td></tr><tr><td id='QUOTE'><!--QuoteEBegin--><i>最初由 黑色圣石 发布</i><br><b>兄台:eek:............... 又一个............. </b><!--QuoteEnd--></td></tr></table><span class='postcolor'><!--QuoteEEnd--><br><br>这是因为最近新人很多的说啊。

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